Overview:

Blood pressure is the measure of the force exerted by the walls of blood vessels by circulating blood. The journey of measuring blood pressure from ancient civilizations to the marvels of modern medicine reflects the evolution of human understanding and technological innovation. In this blog, we will delve into the method of blood pressure measurement, factors that influence blood pressure, and medication to control blood pressure.

1. Understanding Blood Pressure Numbers.

When your blood pressure is taken, you get two important numbers: systolic and diastolic pressure. It's important to know what these numbers mean for your heart health. Systolic Pressure: This number measures the pressure in your arteries when your heart beats (pumps). It shows how hard your heart has to work to pump blood. When your heart beats, it squeezes (contracts) and pushes blood out into your arteries. Systolic pressure is the highest pressure in your arteries during this squeeze( contracts).

Diastolic pressure is the pressure in your arteries when your heart is resting. It's a measure of how well your arteries can relax and expand. When your arteries are relaxed, it's easier for your heart to pump blood through them. This reduces the pressure in your arteries and makes it easier for your heart to work.

Interpretation and Importance: Blood pressure is measured as two numbers, systolic over diastolic, represented in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). For example, 120/80 mmHg. These numbers offer clues about blood pressure status and heart health risks.

High Systolic Pressure: High systolic pressure, the top number, means the heart is working harder to pump blood through the body's arteries. This can be a sign of conditions like high blood pressure (hypertension) and hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis).

High Diastolic Pressure: High diastolic pressure, the bottom number, indicates stiffening of the arteries and increased resistance to blood flow. This is associated with reduced flexibility of the arteries and potential damage to organs like the heart, brain, and kidneys.

2. How Blood Pressure is measured.

Blood pressure is usually measured with a sphygmomanometer. It has a cuff, pressure gauge, and stethoscope or sensor. Here are the steps for using it:

Before: Sit or lie down with your arm at heart level. Relax and avoid talking.

Putting the Cuff On: Wrap the cuff snugly around your upper arm, just above the elbow.

Inflating: Quickly inflate the cuff by squeezing the bulb or pressing a button. This blocks blood flow in your artery temporarily.

Pressure Measurement: The pressure in the arm cuff is gradually reduced. A stethoscope placed on the brachial artery in the arm detects the sounds of blood flow. Some electronic devices use sensors instead.

Sound Detection: As the cuff pressure drops, blood begins to flow through the artery. The person measuring listens for the first audible sound (systolic pressure) using the stethoscope or monitors the pressure reading on the electronic device.

Recording Results: The pressure when the sounds stop (diastolic pressure) is recorded. These readings are written as systolic pressure over diastolic pressure, such as "120 over 80" (120/80 mmHg).

Interpretation: Blood pressure measurements are compared to specific guidelines. Generally, readings below 120/80 mmHg are considered normal. Keep in mind that variables like stress, exercise, caffeine consumption, and medications can influence blood pressure. To get an accurate evaluation, taking multiple measurements over time is recommended.

3. Blood Pressure Measurement Methods:

Manual Sphygmomanometer: Inflates a cuff manually to measure pressure using a gauge. A stethoscope is used to detect heart sounds in the arm artery for systolic and diastolic measurements.

Automated Monitor: Inflates and deflates the cuff automatically. Displays a digital reading for blood pressure. Advanced models use electronic sensors to detect heart sounds for more accurate readings.

Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM): ABPM uses a small device that you wear on your arm. It automatically measures your blood pressure many times a day and night, usually for a full 24 hours. This gives a more complete picture of how your blood pressure changes throughout the day.

Home Blood Pressure Monitoring: These devices are like those used in doctors' offices, but you can use them at home. They allow you to check your blood pressure yourself regularly. This is especially helpful for people with high blood pressure who need to keep track of their condition.

Invasive Blood Pressure Monitoring: Invasive blood pressure measurements use a catheter inserted into an artery, such as the radial or femoral artery. This catheter is connected to a device that measures the pressure directly within the artery.

Each method of blood pressure monitoring has advantages and disadvantages, and the best choice depends on the specific medical situation, the patient's condition, and the available equipment.

4. Monitoring Blood Pressure at Home.

Using a blood pressure monitor at home can be a helpful way to manage high blood pressure. It allows you to check your blood pressure regularly and conveniently from the comfort of your own home. This chapter will explain the benefits of home blood pressure monitoring, how to choose the right device, measure your blood pressure correctly, and understand and respond to your readings.

Home blood pressure monitoring offers Essential Home Blood Pressure Measurement Instructions: To accurately measure blood pressure at home, follow these steps:

1. Relax for at least 5 minutes beforehand.

2. Sit upright with a supported back and your feet resting flat on the floor.

3. Secure the cuff snugly on your bare upper arm, making sure it's at the same level as your heart.

4. Remain still and quiet during the measurement.

5. Take multiple readings with a gap of 1-2 minutes between them. The average of these readings will provide the most accurate result.

Blood Pressure Monitoring Tips: Take your blood pressure in the morning and evening, before you take any medications or do any intense exercise. Avoid caffeine, tobacco, and alcohol before taking your blood pressure.

Understanding Blood Pressure Readings: Normal blood pressure readings are usually below 135/85 mmHg. High blood pressure (hypertension) is diagnosed when readings are consistently at or above 130/80 mmHg. * If your blood pressure readings are consistently elevated, it's important to see a doctor for evaluation and treatment.

5. Factors Influencing Blood Pressure.

Genetics.

Age.

Lifestyle factors.

Smoking and Alcohol consumption.

Medical Condition.

Medications and Supplements.

Socioeconomic Factors.

6. Medications for Blood Pressure Control.

To control high blood pressure, doctors often prescribe medications. Many different types of medications work in different ways to lower blood pressure. This chapter explains how these medications work when they are used, and what side effects they can cause.

Diuretics:

Diuretics are medications that help the body get rid of extra fluid and salt through the kidneys. This reduces the amount of fluid in the blood vessels, which can lower blood pressure. Diuretics are often used to treat high blood pressure, especially in people who have too much fluid in their bodies, such as those with heart failure. Two common types of diuretics are thiazides, such as hydrochlorothiazide, and loop diuretics, such as furosemide.

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors:

ACE inhibitors, like lisinopril and enalapril, prevent the conversion of angiotensin I into angiotensin II, which narrows blood vessels. By blocking this conversion, ACE inhibitors relax blood vessels, decrease resistance in the circulatory system, and lower blood pressure. These drugs are prescribed to treat high blood pressure, heart failure, conditions after a heart attack, and kidney problems related to diabetes.

Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs):

Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) work by blocking angiotensin II's ability to attach to its receptors. This results in the dilation of blood vessels and lowers blood pressure, similar to ACE inhibitors. ARBs are used as an alternative to ACE inhibitors if patients experience side effects like coughing or swelling from ACE inhibitors. They are also effective in treating hypertension, heart failure, and kidney damage caused by diabetes.

Calcium Channel Blockers(CCBs):

Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs) like amlodipine and nifedipine block calcium ions from entering blood vessel muscle cells. This causes the blood vessels to widen, lowering the pressure in the arteries around the body. CCBs come in two main types: dihydropyridines (like amlodipine) and non-dihydropyridines (like diltiazem and verapamil). They differ in how they affect the heart's pumping action and electrical activity. CCBs are used to treat high blood pressure, chest pain caused by narrowed arteries (angina), and certain types of irregular heartbeats.

Renin Inhibitors:

Block the renin enzyme that starts the production of angiotensin II. Lower blood pressure by reducing angiotensin II levels. It can be used alone or with other blood pressure medications.

Direct Vasodilator:

Certain medications called direct vasodilators work by relaxing the muscles around blood vessels, making them wider. This reduces the resistance in the blood vessels and lowers blood pressure. These medications may be used when other blood pressure treatments aren't enough or don't work well enough. They're often combined with other medications for better control.

Conclusion:

Measuring blood pressure accurately requires consideration of various factors that influence readings. These factors include stress, exercise, caffeine consumption, and some drugs. To obtain a reliable assessment, multiple measurements taken at different times may be beneficial. Different blood pressure measurement methods have varying strengths and weaknesses. Understanding the effects and characteristics of hypertension medications helps healthcare professionals customize treatment plans for each patient. This allows for effective blood pressure management, lowering the chances of heart problems.

How to lower blood pressure?

Meditating and focusing on breathing exercises can help to lower your blood pressure.
Having a shower with warm water.
Get good sleep at night.
Consume a healthy diet daily.

What foods cause high blood pressure?

Fast Food.
Fried Food.
Salted Snacks.
Table Salt.
Processed Foods.
Cured Meat.

Is 120 a normal blood pressure?

A normal blood pressure is considered between 90/60mmHg and 120/80mmHg. Where 120 is diastolic pressure and 80 is systolic pressure.

What are the symptoms of high blood pressure?

Chest pain.
Vomiting.
Difficulty in breathing.
Blurred Vision.
Headaches.
Dizziness.
Anxiety.